A 27-year-old IT professional who belonged to the Dalit community was hacked to death during the daytime in Tamil Nadu on Sunday, reported The Indian Express. Both the family and the police described the murder as an honour killing.

It was Kavin Selva Ganesh who was killed.  The accused murderer was the brother of a girl he had dated for a long time.  In relation to an attack on Kavin outside a private Siddha hospital in KTC Nagar, Tirunelveli, where the girl Subashini works as a consultant, accused S Surjith, 21, also turned himself in.

The alleged is the son of police sub-inspectors Saravanan and Krishnakumari, who are also been made co-accused in the case for attempting to provoke the crime and threatening Kavin in the past.

Kavin, a graduate in engineering and a resident of Arumugamangalam village near Thoothukudi district and working with Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) in Chennai, was a close friend of Subashini since school days.

As per The Indian Express, the relationship between Kavin and Subashini was friendly but had been met with increasing hostility on the part of the woman's family, who belonged to the Most Backward Class (MBC). Members of Kavin's family, who are Scheduled Caste (SC), claim that they had been threatened repeatedly.

On Sunday, Kavin had gone to KTC Nagar to see Subashini about his ill grandfather, the report added. There, Surjith met Kavin and informed him that his parents wished to meet him. Believing that Surjith was genuine, Kavin got onto his two-wheeler and they proceeded towards Astalakshmi Nagar.

S Tamizhselvi, Kavin's mother, reported to Palayamkottai police that Surjith braked suddenly and abused her son by asking how he had the courage to love a girl from a different caste. Surjith, in his turn, as reported, pulled out a sickle hidden behind his back and attacked Kavin repeatedly. The Indian Express had eyewitnesses claiming that Kavin attempted to flee but was pursued and hacked to death 200 meters from the hospital.

Surjith has been taken into custody and a case registered against him and his parents under relevant sections of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), and sections of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 2015.

The report states that CCTV recordings of the crime scene have been retrieved and the victim's body was turned over for post-mortem to Tirunelveli Government Hospital.

Kavin's family members have not accepted his body and are demanding legal action against Surjith's parents, holding them as masterminds behind the murder. "They were resistant towards the relationship from the beginning and kept troubling my son time and again. Even now, they may be using their posts trying to influence the case," Tamizhselvi filed in her complaint.

There was a protest in areas of Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi districts where the people called for justice and suspension of police officers involved

Five years after the National Education Policy (NEP) was put into practice, the Education Ministry has released two new digital platforms — Sanskrit Dictionary App and Career Counsellor App — in an effort to empower students and bolster India's education system.

The Sanskrit Dictionary App is an innovative attempt to revive and spread Sanskrit, a highly ancient language that forms the basis of the majority of Indian literature and intellectual discourse. With its accessibility, the app presents a vast vocabulary of Sanskrit words, meaning, grammatical usage, and contextual usage. Students, linguistics activists, and researchers are now able to enjoy this rich philological heritage in the palm of their hands.

"Far from being a dictionary, the app is a gateway to India's intellectual and cultural heritage," averred a Ministry official. The app would be beneficial for school-going students, college students, as well as research scholars who do classical and linguistic research.

The launch of the job Adviser App, an online advice tool that provides students with personalized job recommendations based on their major, interest, and skill set, is also noteworthy.  The app uses algorithms driven by artificial intelligence to recommend professional streams, vocations, and courses.

Students of today have a huge load in deciding on a career. The Career Adviser App was meant to guide them with genuine, individualized advice," the Ministry said.

All these initiatives are part of the overall dreams of the NEP — improving education to be more holistic, adaptive, and attuned to the demands of the 21st century. By adopting technology, the Ministry aims to give all students, regardless of their socio-economic background, access to good learning material.

The professionals have welcomed the initiative with open arms, and they aver that such apps can democratize learning and enable more informed decision-making. As India becomes a knowledge economy, these efforts are a step towards bringing in multilingualism, employability, and lifelong learning.

The two apps are downloadable today, representing an era when tradition is married to technology to bring in India's learners.

Widespread chaos during the 2025 Staff Selection Commission (SSC) Selection Post Phase 13 exams has sparked a massive wave of protests across India, as lakhs of government job aspirants and educators voice outrage over repeated technical glitches, abrupt cancellations, and alleged mismanagement by the Commission. The outrage has erupted both on the ground and across social media, with hashtags like #SSCMisManagement, #SSCSystemSudharo, and #JusticeForAspirants trending nationally in the last week.

The Technical Failures, Sudden Cancellation Leave the Aspirants Stranded

The Phase 13 computer-based examinations which took place between July 24 and August 1, were hit by serious hiccups. Aspirants practicing in different parts of the country sobbed their misery that they have travelled long distances, some covering more than a thousand kilometers and spent a lot of money only to arrive at their respective exam centres only to be told that their exams have been cancelled without any prior warning. Incidents included:

1. The sudden and unannounced cancellation of exams in a number of centres.
2. Frequent software crashes, server failures, and faulty biometric systems.
3. Students assigned to distant or even wrong exam centres
4. Poor infrastructure such as faulty furniture, unavailability of fans, and defective computers are some of the other factors contributing to stress on candidates.

Most applicants attributed these shortcomings to the fact that the Commission recently changed exam processing companies. The new agency, with an apparently controversial background and even a past blacklist, was accused of failing to manage even smaller exams- which has caused concerns about its capabilities with bigger SSC CGL 2025 exams, which is widely anticipated to be participated in by over 3 million competitors. 

Protests Spread, Viral Videos Spark Public Outrage

The rage has soon manifested itself in the form of street demonstrations Delhi emerged as the center of the protest with thousands of aspirants and popular educators such as English teacher Neetu Singh protesting at Jantar Mantar and the CGO Complex to demand reforms, accountability and a reversal of the outsourcing of the exam administration.

Several videos of furious students being forcefully thrown out or even supposedly beaten up due to making valid points at the test centres have gone viral. On the one hand, several of the protest leaders and students claimed to have been met by police with forceful dispersion and temporary arrests, which once again added to the censure via online campaigns and offline protests.

What is it that Students and Teachers are Demanding?

Primary demands by protesting aspirants and teachers are:

• Immediate review and overhaul of the current exam vendor arrangement.
• Timely, transparent communication regarding exam schedules, cancellations, and centre allotments.
• Improved infrastructure and fair allocation of exam centres, ensuring candidates are not burdened unnecessarily.
• Accountability from SSC officials and a complete investigation into the recent failures and alleged misconduct by staff at exam centres.

The ongoing chaos has severely shaken the confidence of aspirants in India’s most significant government recruitment drives. With the SSC CGL 2025 exam, one of the largest competitive exams in India, scheduled to start soon, many fear that similar logistical failures could endanger the future of millions of youth seeking government jobs. 

The #SSCMismanagement is still a trending topic on most social networks, and stakeholders want deeper changes to the system. With the continued protests, the scorching heat is being felt on the SSC and the government which needs to show some decisive action to reinstate the faith in the exam process. 

For more latest updates on the SSC exam 2025 protest, stay tuned with Edinbox.

The loss of seven lives and injuries to at least 27 more in a building collapse at a government school in Rajasthan's Jhalawar district is a tragedy beyond words that was entirely preventable. Safety must be the guiding principle of schooling, starting with the journey to school, the stint within the institution, and the return home. Apparently, officials in Rajasthan and other places have not seen fit to fill glaring gaps in building maintenance, which resulted in the rundown structure collapsing at the Piplodi Government School in Jhalawar, killing children, including a six-year-old. Two other school structures also collapsed elsewhere, but students had a providential escape because one in Nagaur had been closed preventively as it had suffered damage and the second in Karauli had not yet opened for the day. State governments, being the last in line of responsibility regarding public safety, naturally become smarter after the event, and the Rajasthan one is no exception: a check on all public buildings has been mandated by the BJP government, and the Union Ministry of Education has insisted on a safety audit at schools, which includes the condition of student facilities; five officials were suspended to appease the public. What occurred in Piplodi is worst, as students had complained about the roof being damaged by rain, but they were ignored by authorities and teachers despite common sense. It is also shocking that the effect of the monsoon was not expected by district authorities, despite a report by the state government of 2,200 schools being in a bad state and 49,000 requiring repairs to electrical fixtures and water systems.

The inattention to quality and safe public education is a worldwide shame for the nation, and it has been ongoing throughout the decades despite the literature that highlights the critical role of schooling not only for economic progress, but also for the improvement and health of individuals. The Centre has been imposing a 4% Health and Education Cess since 2018-19, with the recent annual collection reaching Rs 73,000 crore, most of it spent on primary and middle school programs for the poor. It cannot be said, at the same time, that India boasts world-class economic growth as well as not having enough money to spend on school safety. There are harrowing accounts of school-going students involved in road accidents from across the nation due to lack of transport access. Severe monsoon rain, driven by climate change, is challenging aging public structures and dwellings. To add to this, western India is expected to bear excessive, unpredictable rain as part of this trend, and increased cyclones are emerging in the Arabian Sea compared to the Bay of Bengal. Those factors should ring alarm bells in all the states, and corrective measures in regard to government buildings must be taken after. Secure, universal, and free education is the foundation of a Viksit Bharat in real terms, and authorities should do everything to ensure that within ten years.

5 IITs to get over 1,300 additional seats in UG, PG and PhD courses for 2025-26: … Over 1,300 seats have been added across undergraduate (UG), postgraduate (PG) with some of them also including the doctoral-level from five third-generation Indian Institutes of Technology (IITS) for academic session... Of the 1,364 seats that have been added in IITs for year 2025-26, (the highest) is at-IIT Bhilai which has seen an increase of378 (seats), next was higher percentage of increase only.I will come separately with numbers also. The otherIiTs like Dharwad --343,the new one Jammu--251,Tirupati—Iit Tiruvananthapuram(193).

Seats are being upgraded in various courses in these IITs according to course requirements intimated by these institutions. Seat addition sanction has been accorded for these IITs till 2028-29 in phases," a senior ministry of education official said.

Finance minister Nirmala Sitharaman in Union Budget 2025-26 announced additional 6,500 seats for IITs added after 2014. Of the six new IITs added in 2015 and 2016—Palakkad, Bhilai, Jammu, Dharwad, Tirupati, and Goa. IIT Goa was not included in expansion as it is yet to be shifted to a permanent campus, whereas according to the initial plan all new IITs were to become operational within four years of integration. The Union Cabinet in its 7th May, 2025 meeting approved it, enhancing the academic and infrastructure strength of the five new IITs at an investment of ₹11,828.79 crore to be incurred over the four years (2025-26 to 2028-29). Altogether, all the five new IITs of Bhilai, Dharwad, Jammu, Palakkad, and Tirupati collectively in the four years from 2025-26 to 2028-29 will be increasing 6,576 seats.

From them, IIT Bhilai will be added with maximum 1,485 seats followed by IIT Dharwad that adds another 1,473 and then comes the queue of new addition in other five colleges such as – (IIT Jammu-1288),(IIT Palakkad -1264) &(ITT Tirupati-1066). Counter to the four-year schedule of adding 6,576 seats are an additional 1,364 in the year ending on June 30 — and a proposed extra increase, beginning with a total push up by another that many students (for a new maximum increase over all those years of an eventual potential lift) will be enrolled during school year 2025-26

Following the period of overexpansion, these five IITs will have 13,687 students against their current student base of 7,111 – an increase of 92.47%.

The Union Cabinet in May sanctioned the creation of 130 teaching posts in these IITs and the process for hiring has already commenced, officials added.

The Central Board Of Secondary Education has released the sample paper for class 10th and 12th Board exam. These sample papers aim to help over 2 million students in India understand the exam pattern, types  of questions, and marking schemes. 

For students of class 10th, the question paper covers a wide range of subjects including maths, english, science, hindi, sanskrit, computer, and social studies. The papers are available in both English and Hindi medium for selected subjects, along with the detailed marking scheme. This is done to help the students understand how to prepare for the board exam and which area holds more weightage. 

Likewise, Class 12 has access to subject-wise sample papers and marking schemes of popular disciplines such as English Core, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Accountancy, Biology, Business Studies, and so on. This release is consistent with the trend of CBSE towards single-board exam pattern in the year with the term-wise examinations being withdrawn.

CBSE advises students to use these sample papers as essential tools to prepare effectively and practice the exam format. Such papers are particularly useful in preparation of half yearly, pre-board and final board exams. To start with their preparation, the students are advised to download PDFs available in the official CBSE academic site.

The professionals recommend using the sample papers to not only get a better idea of the kind of questions being asked, but also in terms of time management in addition to locating essential topics. These papers are the most up to date to match the current trend of questions and the new exam is application-based and analytical, so the papers will also be based on these new trends. 

Both parents and teachers are appreciating this early release of board exam sample paper, as it allows for structured and focused coaching sessions throughout the academic year.

To access the sample papers and the marking schemes of 2025-26 class 10th and 12th board exam, students can simply visit the official CBSE website: cbseacademic.nic.in, where all subject-wise PDFs are available for free download.

This initiative by CBSE is aiming at making the exam preparation more transparent and stressfree by equipping students with all the info and clear guidance, boosting their confidence for the upcoming board exams.

Ranked amongst the state of Gujarat's finest design schools is the NID Gandhinagar, which is actually quite well renowned for its experiential learning process across all areas of design. Being one of the finest amongst the design schools in course variety, faculty and campus quality at par with the world, the NID Gandhinagar is amongst the most premium ones amongst the students.

Courses offered

No courses offered at the undergraduate level

Postgraduate level: seven specializations: apparel design, lifestyle accessory design, new media design, toy and game design, photography design, strategic design management, and transportation and automobile design. The course lasts 2.5 years, and it is conducted full-time.

PhD level courses designed for three years full-time, five-year maximum extension; five years part-time, seven-year maximum extension

Highlights of placement

Maximum salary at NID Gandhinagar for 2023–2024 was Rs 23 lakh (LPA).

Mid salary is Rs 21.3 LPA.

Minimum LPA of Rs 12

Most preferred recruiters: Adobe, Amazon, Apple, BMW, Google, Microsoft

Why Join?

Great academics for its niche PG course, world-class campus, and specializations in niche streams of design such as Toy & Game Design, Transportation & Automobile Design, and Strategic Design Management

Global exposure with academic exchange with 50+ leading world universities

NID Gandhinagar is DPIIT-government-sponsored Institute of National Importance, i.e., well-funded by the government both sides, accredited, and quality faculty talent both sides and some decent recruiters, so much.

Whether 3D printers and CNC routers in quick-prototyping labs or Innovation Centre for Natural Fibre, campus has state-of-the-art facilities to let your imagination take shape.

Bangladesh Chief Adviser Professor Muhammad Yunus on Sunday warmly thanked a 21-strong delegation of Singapore, Chinese, and Indian doctors and nurses for their prompt and humanitarian treatment of the survivors of the recent tragic plane crash at Milestone School and College. The foreign visiting team requested an audience with the Chief Adviser at State Guest House Jamuna, where the Chief Adviser thanked the foreign medical teams for showing selfless and concerted efforts in national emergency.

"These teams have not only come with their skills, but with their hearts," said Professor Yunus. "Their presence reinforces our shared humanity and the value of global cooperation in the midst of destruction."

Tireless Work To Save Lives

The medical teams have been working around the clock with the national health care providers to provide trauma treatment and critical care to the injured, several of whom are children. The Chief Adviser commended their hard work and diplomatic efforts to enable them to reach Dhaka on time and perform life-saving operations.

He also promised the delegation maximum government patronage during their visit to Bangladesh. In a gesture of special kindness, Professor Yunus offered the visiting doctors long-term professional associations with Bangladesh. He offered continuous virtual collaboration, faculty exchange and collaborative research initiatives towards institutional building in emergency medicine and public health.

"They can help pave the way towards a robust healthcare system," he continued, attributing to it the call for innovation and preparedness in meeting upcoming challenges.

Appreciation

Health Adviser Nurjahan Begum also had profound appreciation with the hospital staff for providing input. "You stood with us during our time of need, and we are greatly thankful," she continued. Earlier, on 21 July, Indian Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi also condoled this tragic crash and assured full support. In follow-up action later, India dispatched a group of burn-specialist doctors and nurses with medical equipment within hours. Based on observation regarding the health of victims, the team suggested further treatment and special treatment in India if needed. The following teams were accepted subject to the preliminary reports.

Design is everywhere: the phone in your pocket, the chair you are sitting on, the websites you visit daily with the help of this world and many more. But how then can the word ‘design’ be defined and what are the various types of design? Have you ever asked questions about the world behind the things you use and see? If not, this article shall provide you with the answers you didn’t yet seek.

What is design? 

Design is essentially the practice of construction of usable solutions which are at the same time aesthetically pleasing. Design is the solution to a problem as well as the question to make life better and beautiful: that is whether in the form of an app interface, logo, or on a building.

What Do You Need to Know About Types of Design?

The understanding of the types of design can help people, students, professionals, or any other interested individual to learn about the roles and the skills that are required to design the world people live in. It can also advise your career choices in case you are planning to join design. 

Types of Design

1. Graphic Design

• Focus: Imagery.
• Examples: business cards, logos, book covers, posters.
• Scope: To convey messages using images, typography and layouts.
• The colours used in graphics and fonts and shapes are used to attract your attention and present information in a legible way.

2. Product Design

• Focus: Designing all types of products.
• Examples: smartphones, kitchen appliances, furniture, decor, etc.
• Purpose: Producing new products that are worthwhile, appealing, and intuitive.
• Product designers hear the voices of users and enhance the attributes of products to share the experience.

3. Web and UI/UX Design

• Focus: Online life.
• Examples: Web sites, applications, dashboards. 
• Mission: To simplify digital products and make them attractive.
• UI (User Interface): As regards the appearance: buttons, icons and displays.
• UX (User Experience): Makes the product effortless and pleasurable to utilize.

4. Interior Design

• Focus: Indoor spaces.
• Examples: Residences, workplaces, hotels. 
• Objective: To design comfortable, functional, and beautiful surroundings.
• Interior designers use space, lights, colours, and furniture to create inspirational interiors.

5.Fashion Design

• Focus: Fabric clothing, accessories.
• Examples: Clothes, jewels, purse, shoes.
• Purpose: To fuse fashion, comfort, and trends on wearable art.

6. Industrial Design

• Target: Mass-marketed products.
• Examples: vehicles, home appliances, electronics.
• Purpose: To be both efficient as well as cost effective and aesthetically appealing.
• Industrial designers make it so that mass-produced commodities are safe to use and can be manufactured in large quantities.

7. Motion Graphic Design

• Focus: Image visualisations.
• Examples: Titles of movies, animated videos, explainer videos.
• Use: To bring illustrations to life and to clarify concepts with movement.

8. Architectural Design

• Focus: Design the architecture 
• Target: Buildings and constructions.
• Examples: Houses, schools, shopping centers.
• Purpose: To unify purpose, safety and the art of our built environment.

New Types of Design

There are new forms of design that are becoming more significant as technology advances:

• Game Design: The design of the engaging game to mobiles, consoles, and computers.
• Service Design: To make services (banks, hospitals) more user friendly.
• Environmental Design: To design the environment including the indoors, outdoors, and other spaces. 
• AI-powered Design: Designing something like an ad, videos, graphics, etc with AI to make it more impactfully creative. 

Design touches our lives in ways we often do not recognize, whether in the design of simple items, or grand spaces. Knowing its forms assists us in knowing the ingenuity and work that went into the things we are using and makes us act as designers in our lives.

Whether your aim is to make a career or just be up-to-date, awareness of various kinds of design is step one. Keep your eyes open, you never know where the next awesome design idea will come.  

If you thought this was useful, recommend it to someone interested in learning about design. More creative minds are required in differential!

Germany is well famously known to offer free education to domestic as well as international students. Some German universities offer Master of Science (MSc) courses - most of which are fully taught in English - for winter and summer intakes, just as normally happens during September and April, respectively.

Following is the list of the top German universities offering Master's degrees in biomedical and medical sciences for free:

1. Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg

Otto von Guericke University offers MSc in Biochemical Engineering free of cost. It is taught in English language only for four semesters, and thus no proficiency in German language is required. The course is designed for gaining analytical and scientific skills to study advanced biomedical and technical interactions on the basis of fundamental scientific principles.

2. RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

RWTH Aachen provides MSc in Biomedical Engineering in full English language, i.e., master's thesis and internship. It is a course of four-semesters available for home students and international students. Winter 2025 program one can apply until October.

3. Hamburg University of Applied Sciences

This university offers MSc in Biomedical Engineering, which is completed within three semesters and in English. Summer intake (April 2026) admission must be applied from December 1, 2025, to January 15, 2026 on the DAAD official website.

4. Technische Hochschule Lubeck

TH Lubeck also has a four-semester Master of Science in Biomedical Engineering available to students from any background. It is mainly English with some elective modules taught in German. It is suitable for those wishing to develop a research-based career, or an industry or an academic career. Application for winter intake for non-EU students is now closed but information on next year's summer intake will be posted on the university website in due course.

5. Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Rheinbach

It offers the four-semester integrated MSc in Biomedical Sciences, theory and practice, to prepare for life in the medical sciences.

This type of education is sponsored by the DAAD (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst), which is the German Academic Exchange Service for international students, researchers, and scholars for study and research in German universities.

It was the month of July 2025 a healthy boy Thaddeus Daniel Pierce took his first breath in a hospital in Ohio. The world heard the cry, not only because a baby was born, but because medical history had been made: Thaddeus is the oldest baby to have ever been born. He was born from a 30 years old frozen embryo from the year 1994.

It is not solely about a record breaking story of baby Thaddeus. It is a story of hope and new technology and human connection that crosses three decades and two families connected by the promise of life across time. 

The Beginning: Linda’s IVF Journey in 1994

Back in 1994, Linda Archerd, a young woman hoping to start a family, chose to undergo in vitro fertilization (IVF). At that time, IVF was still seen as advanced and somewhat mysterious. Linda and her then-husband created four embryos through the process. One embryo was implanted and eventually became her daughter, who would grow up, build her own family, and become a living connection to this extraordinary story.

The remaining three embryos were frozen and stored in a specialized medical freezer—a kind of time capsule where conditions remained perfectly preserved, almost untouched by the passing years.

A Frozen Baby and Mother’s Hope

Years passed, Linda and her husband finally separated but she did not forget the three little embryos in the frozen state. Thousands of dollars each year, she would spend to have them safely frozen, nowhere to destroy them or to give away anonymously. Linda thought: They are the biological siblings of my daughter. She had wished that someday she would find an adoptive family that would treat these embryos like she had loved and wanted to treat them.

What Happened Next?

Then, after more than three decades on ice, destiny brought together two families. In Ohio, Lindsey and Tim Pierce were longing to have children. Years later, and after much heartache and struggle, they learned of the uniqueness of Nightlight Christian Adoptions: their Snowflakes program is a special embryo adoption program that allows the donors and adopting family to choose one another based on their hopes, backgrounds, and dreams. The donor Linda had expressed a desire for a married Christian couple in the United States. The Pierces simply needed to love a child.

Eight years later, Linda had one of her long-frozen embryos thawed carefully in a clinic in Tennessee at Rejoice Fertility, which had a record of giving even the oldest embryos an opportunity to live. And with understanding and humble prayers, they inserted the small embryo in the womb of Lindsey. The science was successful against all odds. Lindsey was found to be pregnant and on July 26, she gave birth to a healthy baby, Thaddeus Daniel Pierce, who weighed 7 pounds and 4 ounces.

Reaction of Parents and The World

The miraculous event made big news all over the globe, but to the Pierces, it was something more personal. “We didn’t go into it thinking we would break any records,” Lindsey told the MIT Technology Review, which first reported the story. “We just wanted to have a baby.” Thaddeus was born over 30 years later compared to his biological sister, a feat that even beat the earlier record of the world holders of two twins born in 2022 after their embryos were frozen 30 years earlier. 

Thaddeus is yet to meet his biological mother, Linda Archerd, but she already saw parallels between Thaddeus and her own daughter, who is aged 30 now and has a daughter of 10. Both children are biological siblings, Thaddeus and his sister are biological siblings, however, the start of their lives was at opposite ends of the world, and at different times, and the only thing connecting them is science and taking care of a mother.

What is remarkable about this event is not the years that the embryo remained in a frozen state. It is what it demonstrates about the progress of reproductive technology, the goodness of strangers and the hopes that families nurture over generations. At Rejoice Fertility, there is an attempt to give every embryo some chance without considering the time they have spent. The birth of Thaddeus is beyond what most people imagined is a reality, that an embryo which was frozen in the mid-nineties could remain intact, grow into a healthy child in 2025.

The phenomenon also leaves intriguing questions on the possibility of frozen embryos as more and more families and clinics across the world utilize IVF to secure their future. Technology that was once considered science fiction now makes miracles a reality-families that have been made possible decades after that first, uncertain step in a lab.

Thaddeus is More Than A Record

To the Pierces, Thaddeus is more than a record breaker; he is a prayer God has finally answered. To Linda Archerd, it is the completion of a cycle that started three decades ago and the realization the embryos she went to war over have brought peace and happiness to another family.

As baby Thaddeus grows, he will become part of the story that is likely to be retold for generations to come, all over the world as a story of science and hope transcending lifetimes. In Lindsey terms, “we have this beautiful baby, and everything was the result of a long journey that started long ago before anyone could have thought of it.

The world has its oldest baby born from a freezer older than the internet itself, marking a new era in the historic story of IVF, family, and medicine telling what science can achieve in this technology-driven life.

Visualize packing your bags, leaving home, spending Rs 30,000 of your own pocket money, and going to Gurugram for an internship of your dreams to be released in 23 days. This is what really happened to a young intern who shared his experience on Reddit lately and now it's going viral.

The Reddit user, who had commented as @Regrets_only_, revealed that she had moved to Gurugram to work for a startup after being offered a full-time job and mentorship in three months. The salary offered? At least Rs 40,000 a month.

But after 10–12 hours a day, weekends included, something changed. The intern was unexpectedly informed that their position was no longer required because a client had cancelled. No warning. No notice. Just poof.

"I was shocked. I regret trusting the founder," the intern wrote in an email, calling the entire experience a disaster. Unemployed now and stuck in one of India's most saturated job markets, they're attempting to figure out what to do next, and they're not the only ones.

The story resonated with many on the internet. A couple of Reddit users spoke out to relate similar experiences of being let down by startups.

One responded, "Same thing worked for me. Keep applying through LinkedIn, though most jobs are scams, you'll get some calls if you persist." Maybe ask the founder whether he can connect you with someone who's looking to hire."

This story has opened up an age-old debate, are Indian startups taking advantage of young interns? Some of them work for long hours, unpaid or underpaid, only to be dumped without any reason. The glitzy promise of "experience" sometimes veils a sad reality.

Agriculture is no longer about ploughing the field or caring for crops only. It is a rapidly evolving field that integrates advanced technology, ecology, and science to meet food issues in the world. There are 5 careers in the field of agriculture which are booming in the world today and should definitely be considered by students and professionals who are seeking career paths that are future proof and have a high earning potential as well as a high degree of impact.

1. Agribusiness and Agricultural Technology

Smart farming, also referred to as precision farming, makes use of technology to be as efficient as possible. Experts use drones, IoT sensors, GPS and big data to optimize all the processes regularly- planting, irrigation, fertilising, even harvesting. The role is highly demanded in India and the world at that, due to its ability to boost the produce and minimize expenses. The skills required include drone operation, tech troubleshooting, GIS (geographic information system), data analysis.

This career is booking because more firms and farmers are injecting money into intelligent solutions to cope with uncertain weather and resource shortage. Additionally, the salary range   is between 4-12 Lakh per annum; and across the world it is up to 70,000 USD.

2. Agro Scientist/ Agronomist

Agricultural scientists (or agronomists) create a study to help produce superior crops, soil health, and beneficial farming. They solve problems such as food security, pest control and climate resilience and they are critical in providing food to the ever-increasing human population. Abilities required include a good foundation in biology, chemistry, research, analysis, and communication.  

It is booming because countries (including India) will require more scientists in future endeavors to guarantee the availability of food and also be in a better position to cope with climatic change.

Talking about the salary, one can expect that the pay range for this profession can be between 4-8 lakh a year (it can rise very high with experience). 

3. Agri-Tech Specialist

Agriculture and technology loss An agricultural tech expert combines agriculture and technology- designing, deploying or supporting digital tools in the farms or agriculture business. They may collaborate with mobile applications, Software-as-a-Service, autonomous irrigation, or intelligent crop advisory frameworks. Additionally, digital transformation is driving startups and even established businesses to put their money where their mouths may be, hence hybrid tech-agri jobs being red-hot in 2025. 

4. Sustainable Farming Advisor

With environmentally friendly farming gaining popularity, these consultants guide on practices and guidelines in organic farming, identifying an eco-certification, and sustainable supply chains. They assist businesses and farmers in meeting green requirements, using fewer resources, and accessing premium markets. 

The skills needed for this role includes environmental science expertise, sustainability, project management, regulatory expertise. This role is booming because the call on organic, low-carbon and climate-smart farming is powerful on the Indian and international fronts. Moreover, the present range is between 5-10 lakh per annum or so and can be expected to grow further in the future.

5. Food Scientist

Food scientists control the route between the farm gate and the dinner plate. They pioneer in food processing, preservation, nutrition, and safety- tackling food waste and enhancing nutrition in the food people consume.

The skills required include food chemistry, microbiology, research and development, and attention to detail.  The demand for food scientists is increasing because consumers across the entire world are increasingly demanding more healthy, long-lasting, and safe foods, especially in urban areas. Additionally, in India, 7-18 lakh a year is the average salary for this role, whereas  worldwide it goes up to 110,000 in senior posts. 

Farming is evolving with lightning-fast speed-mixing old with new in unprecedented ways. These are the highest-paying jobs in the food security and sustainability sector, so in case you are determined to be a game-changer working with a purpose, and having high salaries, these careers are for you in 2025 and beyond. The industry is happy to expose new ideas especially those people who integrate science, technology, and problem solving.

Tip: Internships, certifications, and online workshops are ways to enhance your skills and attract employers, even when you have a traditional background.

The new green revolution requires intelligent, talented, and brave professionals. Why not have a career that nourishes the world and keeps it going? 

On Tuesday, OpenAI introduced a new mode in ChatGPT called the "study mode". It is a new feature that is aimed at helping students to work one step at a time instead of giving them the answer directly. 

The digital learning field in India has also got an upgrade with this new feature of ChatGPT that has been given to all users across Free, Plus, Pro, and Team plans. The best part about this feature is that it is free but interactive in nature. Are you a school-going student, planning to be a part of the major competitive exams or you want assistance in completing assignments, read on to find a comprehensive piece on What Study Mode is, how it works, and why it can be of significance to the learners in India.

What is ChatGPT Study Mode?

ChatGPT Study Mode This is a specialised component within ChatGPT that functions as an AI tutor. It does not merely provide answers, but it leads students through a process in order to take concepts seriously. Interactive questions, quizzes, and personal feedback preserve the active state of learners with this tool, which results in actual learning rather than rote learning of answers.

Key aspects:

1. Guides with Socratic-style questions to help you think step by step.
2. Reduces clumsy concepts into easier to digest bite sizes.
3. Adjusts his or her style to your stage and ambitions.
4. Gives you quizzes and knowledge checks so it knows how you are doing.
5. Publications in Hindi and other 10 Indian languages to make it localized

How to Use Study Mode in ChatGPT?

It does not take long or a lot of time to activate ChatGPT Study Mode in India:

• Access ChatGPT via the web or through the app.
• Click on ‘Tools’ within the chat composer window.
• Choose the option ‘Study and learn’.
• Now go ahead and type a question, upload notes, a syllabus, problem photo or even use the voice commands in any of the supported languages.
• Say what grade you are in, what subject, and what you want to learn--then ChatGPT will help you learn according to the inputs and give you the answers in a style that suits your abilities.

Pro Tip: Sharing specific facts such as what you are studying, at what level (Class 8, ICSE, JEE prep, etc.), and uploading any study resources will allow the tool to provide even more relevant and helpful advice.

ChatGPT Study Mode Features In India

• Free: No payment necessary and it is available to any student on the Free, Plus, Pro and Team plans.
• Multilingual Support: Multilingual support which enables it to be used in 11 Indian languages (Hindi, Tamil, Bengali, etc.).
• Flexible Input: It allows entry of questions by typing, voice or uploading pictures, and thus, really flexible to various learning styles.
• Individualised Progress: ChatGPT keeps a record of your past interactions (when memory is on), and therefore, can be much more personalised over time with feedback and quizzes.
• Pegged instructions: No instant answers dictating things in black and white clothes, it pushes users to have step-by-step guidance like a practical tutor does.
• Exam and Homework Help: Ideal when you need to go through homework, revise before exams (such as NEET, JEE, board exams), or figure out new concepts in maths, science, humanities, and languages.
• Skill-Based Feedback: Feedback is delivered on quizzes or concept checks and it is constructive to help you understand errors and learn to do better right during the learning process.
• Visual Learning: Future updates planned will be to include additional diagrams and visual explanations to challenging topics such as Physics or Chemistry.

In short, the ChatGPT Study Mode can revolutionize the concept of exam preparation, revising, and learning among Indian students. It has step-by-step instructions, a variety of languages, custom feedback, and much more, making it an affordable and convenient tool to learn in the digital era. To get the best out of it, you should use it constantly in conjunction with your school material and ensure that you crosscheck information with your textbooks or syllabus.

So, no matter if you are an expert in AI or not, sign in to ChatGPT and use the Study Mode today to study smartly. This feature is simpler and designed to cover all types of students' study needs. Give it a try today. 

FAQ

Is Study Mode free?

Yes, it is free to all the users who are logged in, and that includes people on the mobile app and people on the desktop browser.

Is it possible to use Study Mode in other languages, other than English?

Absolutely! Study Mode is compatible with professionally used 11 major languages of India, hence it is applicable and reachable across India.

What are some of the topics it upholds?

Almost all! Maths, science, English, to the topic of social science, competitive exams, and even essay writing.

Do I require special equipment?

No, it only requires an internet connection and a gadget (phone, tablet, laptop) that has access to ChatGPT.

The world's first biological artificial intelligence is successfully created by Australian scientists. The Charles Perkins Centre along with the University of Sydney developed a research system called PROTEUS (PROTein Evolution Using Selection) that uses ‘biological artificial intelligence’ to design and evolve the molecules with advanced or new functions directly in mammalian cells. The researchers of the system stated that this is a powerful, revolutionary tool that can change the course of effective research tools and aid gene therapies.

What is PROTEUS and Why Does it Matter?

PROTEUS is an acronym of the term PROTein Evolution Using Selection. It is an AI but instead of using silicon chips, the system is housed within living cells. It conditions molecules to discover new or better answers to biological issues, such as developing drugs or gene therapies, on a timescale and scale that never existed before.

Scientists traditionally employed a technique known as directed evolution, which allows them to develop new proteins or molecules, although only in the context of bacteria. PROTEUS is the first platform such that this rapid, iterative evolution can be carried out within mammalianian cells (such as human or mouse cells) and this gives us immense new possibilities in medicine and research.

How does the PROTEUS work?

1.  Inspired by Evolution: PROTEUS resembles the natural selection pattern, yet with the speed of light. Where nature would have needed years to develop a solution, this system would do it within a matter of weeks.
2. Solving Problems as an AI Does: Scientists will be able to aid a biological problem, like preventing a disease gene, or fixing any defect with PROTEUS. It then goes through millions of possible sequences, refining the molecules it is working on until it comes upon the best candidate.
3. Virus-Like Particles: To maintain the accuracy of the process, team members had to engineer chimeric virus-like particles with the help of which they delivered genetic instructions within cells, i.e., shells consisting of pieces of other viruses. This will make sure that solutions can address the actual problem and not the short way out. 

What can Biological Artificial Intelligence do? 

PROTEUS, the world's first biological artificial intelligence, was used to build proteins that worked better than drugs and miniature antibodies for detecting any DNA damage (that  can be useful in curing cancer). 

This Biotechnology holds promise for designing medicines that are more effective and personalised. The system can improve cutting-edge technologies like CRISPR, making them safer and more powerful. The technology is open-source for other scientists, accelerating the pace of innovation in global research. 

Why is this a revolutionary development? 

• Speed: Years ago it would take weeks to analyse a problem in a lab, but now the same thing takes weeks.
• Accuracy: Molecules can be constructed to act within the human cells, increasing the chances of the treatment treating the patients successfully.
• Scale: The potential is not limited to medicine, and may affect farming, ecology, or any other field where custom-built molecules can be used to accomplish something.

The lead inventors Professors Greg Neely and Dr. Christopher Denes are confident that this technology will usher in a tidal wave of new discoveries, not only in the treatment of diseases, but also in the construction of the next generation of living AI-enhanced therapeutics, enzymes and molecular tools.

“PROTEUS is stable, robust and has been validated by independent labs. We welcome other labs to adopt this technique. By applying PROTEUS, we hope to empower the development of a new generation of enzymes, molecular tools and therapeutics,” Dr Denes said. 

On the other hand, Professor Neely said, “We made this system open source for the research community, and we are excited to see what people use it for, our goals will be to enhance gene-editing technologies, or to fine tune mRNA medicines for more potent and specific effects”.

PROTEUS is a breakthrough in the field of AI and biotechnology: the combination of biology with machine learning and turning science fiction into reality in the very human cell. 

FAQs

What is Biological Artificial Intelligence?

It is AI based on life processes within biological living cells, which could be evolved to provide molecular solutions to health- and technology-related problems.

What is the benefit of PROTEUS to medicine?

It has the ability to plan and develop medicine, gene-editing equipment, and diagnostic proteins inside cells, resulting in safer and more efficient therapies.

Who is the inventor of PROTEUS?

Researchers at the Charles Perkins Centre, the University of Sydney and the Centenary Institute.

Can it be used by other researchers?

Indeed, PROTEUS has already been implemented as an open-source system to promote scientific development throughout the world.

Wearing a white coat with gloves and specs has been a dream of many individuals. Some visualise becoming a doctor while some merely wish to have an intriguing life in the lab. This is when they pursue a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc) in Forensic Science. This UG course could lead to one such dream job. Here is everything one needs to know about forensic science, forensic science professionals, and the field . 

What is B.Sc Forensic Science?

B.Sc in Forensic Science is a degree program that takes 3 years (6 semesters) and equips the students with scientific as well as investigative skills that are needed to render their services in areas of analysis of crime scenes, manipulation of evidence, and support of law enforcement authorities. It is not really about watching a crime drama, it is science in action. This course trains to collect and analyse evidence, teaches criminal psychology and many more things to unravel facts enveloped in chemical, biological and digital clues. 

Who should pursue this course? 

It is a good fit in case you are passionate about Biology, Chemistry, Physics, or Mathematics in Class 12 and you are keen about disciplines that intertwine science and law. It is particularly appropriate for students who have: 

• Interest in fixing problems in an analytical way.
• Willingness to wait and good judgments.
• Research, laboratory and technology interest. 

Eligibility criteria for B.SC Forensic Science

• 10+2 with Science Oriented Stream (Physics/Chemistry/Biology/Mathematics are compulsory)
• At least 50 60% of aggregate marks (depends on the institutions)
• There are universities where entrance exams such as CUET, AIFSET, CUCET or their tests are required.
• Personal Interviews: Interviews or counselling as may be held with short listed students.

Curriculum of B.Sc forensic science course  

The bsc forensic science course curriculum is a mix of classroom learning, hands-on training, and practical experience. Here are the topics covered in this UG Degree:

Year 1:

• Introduction to Forensic Science
• Basic Biology & Chemistry
• Crime Scene Investigation
• Criminal Law & Society

Year 2:

• Forensic Biology & Serology
• Forensic Chemistry
• Forensic Physics Laboratory

Year 3:

• Forensic Toxicology
• DNA Analysis
• Digital & Cyber Forensics
• Forensic Psychology
• Forensic Ballistics and Explosives

Project Work & Internship are also a part of the curriculum. 

Top Colleges for B.Sc Forensic Science in India

The top Indian colleges/universities advancing B.Sc Forensic Science:

• National Forensics Sciences University (NFSU)
• Banaras Hindu University (BHU)
• Parul University
• Delhi University (DU)
• Amity University
• Chandigarh University
• LPU 
• Institute of Forensic Science Mumbai
• And more…

BSc forensic science Fees

The fees for government colleges can range between 5000-6.5 lakhs (whole training.) while for the private colleges it is between 40000 to 3.9 lakhs (complete course). “Scholarships are available based on merit or entrance test scores in many colleges, which can help offset costs for eligible students. THere are certain diploma and certificate courses also that cost between 5000-100,000 depending on the duration and the institution. 

The Scope B.Sc Forensic science?

Here are the jobs that graduates would be most suitable to include the following:

• Forensic Laboratory Analyst
• Forensic Document Examiner
• Forensic Scientist (government or non-government lab)
• Crime Scene Investigator
• Digital Forensics Analysis
• Forensic Toxicologist
• Drug Analyst
• Forensic Consultant

The graduates of this course can get jobs in Central and State Forensic Science Laboratories, Intelligence Bureau, Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), police departments, detective agencies, cybercrime cells, security consultancies and even banks to check documents. Additionally, the usual entry level salary is 3-6 Lakh per annum, which goes up with specialization and experience. 

Why choose Forensic science in India?

As the crimes are on the rise, and more and more scientific evidence is becoming admissible in the court, the sphere of forensics is becoming extremely in demand in India. The career choice does not only permit one a stable career but will also grant a feeling of providing social justice and public safety.

Pros and cons of pursuing B.sc in forensic science

To conclude, an undergraduate degree in B.Sc, Forensic Science is both smart and rewarding to any student willing to unite their interest in science and effect real-life change. It is a current, applicable and straightforward course which cuts directly into the needs of the changing society where science is central to justice. Always be curious, always be observant and you may begin your career as an expert in the field of forensic science.

FAQs

Can I do B.Sc Forensic Science after 12th (PCB)?

Yes! Physics, Chemistry, and Biology/Mathematics are accepted.

Do I need math for this course?

Not always; most colleges allow either Maths or Biology as the third science subject.

Is B.Sc forensic science trending?

Yes! Forensic science course is currently one of the highly sought after field with future-proof and high salary career opportunities. 

What about job security?

Government jobs in forensic labs and agencies offer strong security; the private sector is also growing rapidly.

Can I specialize further?

Yes! After B.Sc, consider M.Sc in Forensic Science, Forensic Medicine, Digital Forensics, or even law.

Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode (IIM-K) has issued a much-awaited  notification of Common Admission Test (CAT) 2025, sparking preparations in the nation to appear in this most popular MBA entrance examination. Find here all the information about CAT 2025- its important dates, eligibility, the process of registration and required documents, and of course, the latest updates.

CAT 2025 Important Dates

• Release Date of Notification: July 27, 2025
• Registration Start Date: 01 August 2025
• Deadline: September 13, 2025
• Availability of Admit Card: November 5, 2025
• Exam Date: November 30, 2025
• Expected result: January 2026, first week

Registration Fee

Eligibility Criteria 

• Education qualification: a bachelors degree in any field from a recognised university.
• Minimum Marks: 50% (General), 45% (SC/ST/PwD).
• Final Year Students: Need to prove they are eligible at time of admission.
• Professional Degrees: The holders of CA, CS, ICWA degrees can apply.
• No Age Bar: There is no age bar or maximum limit of attempts of CAT exam. 

The Registration Process of CAT 2025

• Visit iimcat.ac.in 
• Click on New Registration
• Enter your email, phone number, personal information, check contact info
• Fill out application form by putting in academic and personal info, attach files
• Complete fees payment through either crediit/debit card, net banking or UPI
• Click on Submit Form and download the completed form.

Required Documents

• Marksheet of Class 10 and Class 12 in Scanned copies
• Graduation Marksheet or the latest results (in case of final year students)
• Photo ID 
• Passport-size photograph
• Category certificate (SC/ST/PwD/OBC as the case may be)
• Work experience (if applicable)
• Certificate of institution (final year candidates)

Exam Day and Admit Card

1. The admit card will be available on the official portal for downloading between November 5 and November 30, 2025.
2. Get the admit card printed and bring it to the exam hall. 
3. CAT 2025 will be held in 3 shifts at 170+ test centers across India. 
4. The test comprises multiple-choice questions and non-MCQ within 3 sections that are VARC, DILR, and Quantitative Ability.

Why take CAT 2025? 

A good CAT score is the key to 21 IIMs and more than 1,300 B-schools in India. CAT is the most important test in the country since it is used by the institutes such as FMS, MDI, SPJIMR and IMT in the admissions of MBA programs. 

Quick Tips

• Register as early as you can so you do not run into technical problems at the last minute.
• Post legible and precise files. 
• Final submission of details should be verified twice. 
• Study the sample papers and mock tests on the latest pattern to prepare the exam.

In conclusion, CAT 2025 has emerged as the primary gateway of any aspirant in India wishing to earn an MBA degree at one of the prestigious Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) and more than 1,300 business schools located in the country. Quality management education, good faculty members and high salaries in job placements present themselves as opportunities which can be availed by enrolling in CAT 2025.

An effective CAT score will change your career and help you grab a space in the high-end institutes which will sketch a great future ahead in business and leadership. To every graduate who wants to grow, be recognized, and with a good career orientation, then CAT 2025 is the beginning of your management dreams. This is the time to pursue MBA and bag a better salary. 

To verify the eligibility, important dates and application instructions, refer to the official CAT web site: iimcat.ac.in. If you are taking CAT 2025, begin your CAT preparation with the apt information and attention! 

With increasing use of technology in the financial world, management students are at crossroads, remaining in the old recipe of finance or exploding into the new world of financial engineering. The solution lies obvious- B.Tech in Finance will be your ticket to a secure tomorrow. To succeed in the competitive job market of 2026, this is your ideal degree. Here are the 5 reasons why B.Tech aspirants should opt for this degree. 

1. Future-proof Career

The financial industry is not as it once was. Fintech through blockchain, artificial intelligence, and digital payments is changing the rules. Experts in the industry predict that by 2026, the fintech landscape in India is set to explode exponentially, and those well versed in both finance and technology are in high demand. This B.Tech in Finance provides you with that very kind of hybrid expertise, making you stand out in working in digital banking, investment technology, and blockchain projects.

2. Open the Door to High-Wage High-Value Employment

The days when finance was merely number crunching are gone. Finance professionals today are strategists, wizards of data, and innovators. As quantitative analysts, fintech product managers, or risk assessors, who use AI insights, B.Tech Finance graduates earn enviable pay packages beginning at 4 lakhs per year, or more, and scale fast. These positions present more fulfilling careers and more responsibility to the aspirants possessing management skills.

3. A Curriculum that Prepares for the Future 

The best B.Tech Finance courses include practical experience with live financial cases, internships in major banks and fintech companies as well as practical projects on the latest advanced analytics platforms. This will guarantee that you are graduating not only with theory but in a package of skills employers are looking to hire including financial modeling, risk analytics, and fintech innovation. Such practical preparation is all one needs to have a better career in an AI-driven era. 

4. Global Passport for career across the globe

Finance is universally disbursed and so are the B.Tech graduate opportunities. Multinational corporations are shelling out at financial technology and sustainable finance, as well, so your expertise can take you as far as Mumbai to New York, London to Singapore. This is your passport in case you have had international exposure aspirations and cross-border projects in mind. On top of that, you have the flexibility to transition to more things such as blockchain consulting or ESG finance management, and your life in the field of finance is limitless.

5. Forefront of Business Innovation

Those who know how to blend technology know-how with management expertise stand a chance of better things in the future. The B.Tech in Finance graduates are well-positioned to spearhead automation, AI-based regulatory compliance, and new-age banking models such as embedded finance. In the new world where ESG factors and digital currencies will no longer be an option but a necessity, your capacity to be a force behind innovation will render you indispensable.

In short, choosing a B.Tech in Finance in 2026 means stepping into a role where technology empowers finance, and innovation drives growth. This degree can also provide clarity of purpose to management students who would like to see relevance, profits, and influence in their lives.  So, stop being skeptical about pursuing a course in finance, and take the first  step  towards a fulfilling career with GMCAT (Global Management Common Aptitude Test). 

As a society, we often prioritise academic achievement over the emotional well-being of our children. The stress of shifting schools and cities can have a profound impact on young minds, leading to feelings of loneliness, anxiety, and isolation.

Reminiscing 2020’s global house-arrest and with campuses being closed and online learning being pursued, edtech push by COVID is now stronger than the fintech push by demonetization. The teacher-student model has ceased to exist for ever now, and we are moving to a qualitatively different mentor-learner model not just in the current digital learning phase, but also in the post pandemic times ahead. Beyond this complete campus lockdown phase, during which time mentoring-learning-assessing has gone online globally, we shall be moving towards blended phygital education ahead, which will be the new normal ahead, and will make the new model of mentor-learner firmly entrenched.

Learning or academics or education broadly has three functions: creation of learning content through research, writing, packaging with visuals; dissemination of learning through classes, lectures, notes, self-study, discussions; & assessment and evaluation of the education of the learner by various methods. All these three have been majorly impacted by the self-isolation imposed to ensure social distancing so that the learners and the mentors may first be protected from the spread of the infection of COVID19. The lockdown across the world is simultaneously a boon and a bane for the teaching-learning community today.

Teacher to Mentor:

The teacher was a sage on the stage, introducing every new topic, speaking the last word on it, sticking to a structured syllabus as prescribed, interpreting it as s/he deems right, finishing the syllabus and focusing on examination and evaluation to complete the cycle of delivery of education. He often demands respect, and relies on the power to punish to set things right (not always, though). Teacher teaches and often sermonizes.

Each premise noted above is changing now.

Mentor today is a co-learner, may be the first stimulus for a topic but never the last word, starts from a structured syllabus but is expected to move towards organic learning depending upon the variegated interest areas of groups of learners, aggregates learning resources from multiple sources and shares with the learners, is more a guide, second parent and agony shelter of sorts for the learners. Examination also is diverse and evaluation is just one more function and not the ultimate yardstick of learning and brilliance of the learner. Mentor may often be less informed about an issue, but with a better perspective to guide. Mentor engages and inspires.

Learning Resources Aggregation & Delivery:

To begin with being the new age mentor, a massive train the trainer and capacity building is needed today. For this, first the mentor has to be a digital personality with smartphone and net connection, and with laptop and wifi connection. Next, one has to learn how to create, deliver and engage in content across multiple online platforms, and how to take matter learnt online to matter practiced offline face to face. Third, one has to now learn assessment with open book through analysis and application, through quiz, through applied projects, through phygital presentation and actual work in labs and studios after using virtual labs and studios.

Creating the learning resources was quite easy earlier. There were the books, often called text and reference books, then the power-point presentation of the teacher, and then chalk and talk. And the topic was first introduced in a class, post which notes were given, books were mentioned, and later examination was conducted to check memory and a bit of understanding.

The game is changed now. And totally so.

The concept of proprietary content (the mentor’s own videos, audio or podcast content, power-points, cases, info-graphics etc), aggregated content (books, monographs, videos, podcasts, URLs, pdfs, cases, etc taken from the internet, YouTube and Vimeo, etc), and also massive open/closed online learning resources (free ones like Swayam or NAPTEL, paid ones like those of Coursera or LinkedIn, and the university’s own online courses): these three are the learning resources today.

The mentor is expected to make a mix of proprietary, aggregated and online learning resources, suitably arranging them from the easies one to the toughest one and offer to the learners digitally (using Google Class, emails, or better, Learning Management Systems like Canvas or TCSion, Blackboard or Collaborate, etc,) at least a week or more before they meet digitally or physically to discuss the content. This is called Flipped Classroom where the learners get learning content much in advance, read, watch or listen to the same asynchronously at their own time, place or pace, note down things they have not understood or have questions on, and come to the digital/physical classroom synchronously, to clarify doubts, discuss cases, debate on conclusions drawn and participate in quiz or analytical or applied assignments. Delivery of the online session can be on any platform: MS Teams, Zoom, Webex, Google Meet and can move from the synchronous digital classroom to asynchronous digital chatroom debates and discussions for further clarification.

This makes the task for Content Creation and Content Delivery for the mentors much more diverse, tech-savvy, and tougher than the traditional teacher’s job.

Learners’ Engagement & Evaluation:

Further, education will now move from a system imposed disciplined endeavour to voluntarily participated and internalized process. It will be truly a learner-centric education now in the new normal, and shall be far more participative than the past. The learner in the digital or blended mode is learning voluntarily and not on the basis of an imposed discipline on campus through a web of rules and power dynamics. While voluntary learning will throw many non-interested or apathetic learners out of the learning circle, it will also make many focused learners internalize education better and apply it in a more focused manner at his or her individual level.

Also, with Artificial Intelligence, robotics, automation, Machine Learning and internet of things being the other emerging realities, the skills for mass production or education to do the same work repeatedly will be totally irrelevant ahead when machines will take over almost all such work (more than three fourths of all human work today). Hence, new age skills, apart from technology use, have to be in areas like creativity, innovation, incubation, problem-solving, teamwork, leadership, critical thinking, design thinking, empathy, emotional intelligence and risk management. Each of these can be qualitatively and quantitatively mentored to any youth from an early age of say 15 years till 25 years of age, and will become his or her second nature.

To deliver such a learning, the learners’ engagement techniques have to be more tech-savvy (google forms, polls, surveys, quiz, virtual lab and studio, AI tools, etc) and also with higher emotional quotient (use of humour, videos, info-graphics, empathy in the class, allowing diversity of opinion, wellness conscious, etc).

Even the evaluation or assessment has to be diverse. Assessment refers to learner performance; it helps us decide if students are learning and where improvement in that learning is needed. Evaluation refers to a systematic process of determining the merit value or worth of the instruction or programme; it helps us determine if a course is effective (course goals) and informs our design efforts. Assessment and evaluation can be both formative (carried out during the course) and summative (carried out following the course). There can be many ways for the same. Mentors can make learners aware of expectations in advance (e.g. one week for feedback from deadline) and keep them posted (announcement: all projects have been marked). For example, one can create tests that are multiple choice, true/false, or short answer essays and one can set the assessments to automatically provide feedback.

When online, evaluation can be on the basis of proctored digital examination or open-book analytical and applied evaluation with non-google-able questions. And this is surely not an easy task for the mentors as teachers of the past were used to repeat past questions, had set patterns of questions, examinations were ‘suggestions’ and memory based, and not application based in general. Online quiz, open book examination with time-managed and proctored question paper delivered online, applied questions not based on memory but comprehension, telephonic interview etc have been the usual ways of digital assessment and evaluation of learning.

There will be offline evaluation also. Here, the assessment can be based on offline written examinations, field-survey based presentation or report writing, debates, lab/studio-based practical, or a peer-group work, or a submission of a long-term real life or live project.

Digital Learning Tools Today:

The pandemic requires universities to rapidly offer online learning to their students. Fortunately, technology and content are available to help universities transition online quickly and with high quality, especially on the digital plank, though at a cost and with the risk of several teachers and administrators being forced to go out of the system.

Digital learning on the go or from distance calls for tech-led holistic solutions. It requires several content pieces to be transmitted digitally. These content pieces can be in the form of pdfs, ppts, URLs, YouTube links, podcast links, case-studies, etc. There can also be e-books, audio-books, kindle based content, magzter sourced magazines, etc. Then this can involve learning without being face to face through boxes, as in Google Class, or learning face to face as in Zoom live audio-visual discussions. People may also use GoToMeetings or MicrosoftMeet sessions also. Attendance can be taken on Google Spreadsheet and through WhatsApp Group chat of a batch of students too.

Then there are MOOCs, collaborative distance learning, wikis, blogs etc. Individual resource-rich institutes develop their customized secured and IPR protected Learning Management Systems, through the use of BlackBoard or TCSion LMS. Other LMS options like Kaltura or Impartus allowing video recording of talks also ar in use in many places. There are CourseEra courses, Swayam online lessons from UGC and similar other avenues to learn online.

Learning digitally can be further assisted with Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR) which can take the viewer to an enhanced experience even integrating scenarios which are yet to happen creatively bringing them within the learning experience. These are immersive and contextual experiences, and artificial intelligence driven chatbots can further enhance the digital interface of the learner and the mentor.

Digital Learning Value-adds:

Incorporating big data analytics and content management, educators can develop an individualized curriculum that enhances how each student learns (e.g. playlist of learning content in WiseWire changing for each student). Many in the West have started the use of the millennials' language and style: Khan Academy video lessons, YouTube use, distinct style and language for young learners. Twitter, Tumblr, Snapchat, Imessage, Instagram, Facebook & Whatsapp are being creatively integrated with school education. There is a case of a management school in India, where the professor sends a 3 minutes interesting video on the subject he is taking up next through group whatsapp to increase interest in the batch towards the topic being taught.

In the US, the smart-phone applications like Socrative and Plickers are helping teachers interact and assess students’ progress, collaborate via cloud-based applications to work and solve a common goal. Teachers can publish real-time quizzes and polls for students via mobile devices to keep them engaged.

Further, using anything from iMovie to WeVideo, learners can create video as a learning resource. YouTube (with privacy settings) and SeeSaw or Flipgrid are also alternatives learners can make use of. The benefits of SeeSaw and Flipgrid are that students can add voice recordings or text sharing feedback with peers. Students became the co-creators of content and as a result, more engaged, including their parents. Useful apps like Book Creator, Explain Everything and EduCreations can be utilised towards this end. 

There are various software used to create digital content, like Camtasia, Raptivity, Captivate, Articulate Online, etc.

Yes alongside, social media use extensively will support learning online. Facebook Page can broadcast updates and alerts. Facebook Group or Google Hangout with advanced features in G-suite can stream live lectures and host discussions. Twitter can act as a class message board. The 256 characters help to keep messages succinct. Instagram can be used for photo essays. One can create a class blog for discussions. There are many different platforms available, such as WordPress, SquareSpace, Wix, Blogger for that. And, one can create a class-specific Pinterest board as well.

Students to Learners:

With mentors replacing teachers, the students cannot be the pre COVID typical students any more going ahead.

Students study in classroom, are taught by teachers, limited to given syllabus, and study for marks, grades, degrees. Students give exams in written and on the basis of suggestions or set patters of evaluation.

Learners study within and beyond the classroom, from mentors, peers, personal experience, books, digitally aggregated content, through projects and through assignments. Learners learn for lifetime application, and hence learn to learn further as things learnt today are obsolete soon. Self-learning or learning to learn is hence a major cultivated skill for the present day learners, especially in higher education, as techniques and technologies are changing in the work-place in less than five years now. Learners also learn organically. While structured syllabus must be completed for foundation and examination, organic learning is about self-driven learning in few chosen areas out of interest, assisted by the mentors.

Yes, for this, doubling public education expenditure, digital access to the hinterland, considering digital connectivity as a human right, digital literacy as a fundamental pre-requisite in any work, providing cell phones and laptops or tabs en masse, announcing cheaper data packages for students, CSR in the field of domain of digital connectivity by corporate houses, etc and more would be needed soonest to bridge the yawning digital divide in the otherwise class divided society. It must be noted that even UNESCO has noted that only 48% of Indian learners’ community of 283 million is receiving some sort of online education today, the rest 52% going bereft of any form of formal learning whatsoever for more than a year now! And among these 48%, the girl-students are having a worse fate in the poorer families due to limited digital devices to which the sons have a higher access than the daughters.

Conclusion:

India has been speaking of digital education for long but it has stayed on as a possibility and not a reality for more than a decade now. Even IITs and IIMs have used digital platforms on the side for sharing of content and debating on issues sporadically. The larger mass of 1300 plus universities and some 44,000 colleges have actually not digitized their content, not made access to online learning mainstay of their teaching-learning process, except the distance learning universities. In fact, the old school educationists looked at online and distance education with some disdain all across South Asia. They are in for a major shock now. The digital divide needs fast bridging through the promise of 6% of the GDP for public education, through 2% of profits for CSR given here, and through civil society initiatives like getting smart-phones, laptops and tabs for the less privileged.

It is clear that going ahead digital access will be a human right, and those in governance must wake up to the reality that youngsters need in expensive tablets and easy data access. A nation that spends less than 3% of national budget for public education (lower than Tanzania, Angola and Ghana, et al), with the states putting in 2.5 (Bihar) to 26% (Delhi), with Delhi being the only state in double digits, cannot ensure digital education for the masses, unless allocation of funds and their transparent spending happen.

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Prof. Ujjwal Anu Chowdhury

The author is Vice President, Washington University of Science and Technology and Editorial Mentor, edInbox.com

The last two years have clearly shown that technology-aided remote schooling is neither fully possible nor completely desirable. 

Lest we forget that India is a nation of more than one-third of the population in the 15 to 25 years age-bracket, the most promising period of life when one decides career path, subjects for learning, types of work to do, and becomes self-dependent in the process.