It is no longer a debate on how effective and crucial forensic science is in serving justice. The Indian Supreme Court has used forensic technologies to resolve a lot of cases. However, some methods are concerning due to the thin line between human rights and legal requirements that raise ethical concerns. There are 3 main controversial methods in forensic science technology, namely narco-analysis, DNA profiling, and polygraph tests.
Narco-Analysis
Narco-analysis, also known as truth serum, is a drug that makes the person in question speak the truth. To conduct a narco-analysis investigation, experts administer barbiturate-based psychotropic drugs to a person who loses consciousness but remains semi-unconscious so they might share previously hidden facts. Fashioning its usage across different high-profile situations remains controversial because experts dispute both its scientific credibility and ethical fairness.
In the high-profile Aarushi Talwara murder case (2008), narco-analysis was used on several suspects, including the parents of the victim, to understand if their statements had any gaps or inconsistencies. At last, the results were rejected by the court because they were stated to be inconclusive because of the limitations this technique has.
DNA profiling
DNA profiling has changed forensic science because it allows precise identification by studying genetic information. Scientists utilize DNA profiling in two main ways because it serves to both confirm criminal suspect identities and release completely innocent individuals. Numerous difficulties are present in DNA profiling practice.
The practice has raised multiple privacy-connected and data-security-related concerns, along with improper genetic information management concerns. These issues become more severe because there is no adequate legal framework for DNA data collection, storage, and utilization activities. DNA evidence contamination together with incorrect interpretation, may produce wrongful convictions, thus requiring strict examination procedures and supervisory processes.
We all remember the Nirbhaya Case (2012). The imprisonment of brutal Delhi gang rapists was possible through DNA evidence which functioned as their main connecting link to the crime. Servings obtained from the crime area yielded definitive evidence that resulted in their conviction followed by sentencing. The proper implementation of DNA profiling technology brings forth justice to the legal system.
Polygraph Tests
Polygraph tests, also known as lie detector tests, examine the physical body responses of heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration to detect whether answers contain deception. The scientific world doubts the measurement precision of polygraph exams, although the media often presents them as perfect deceit-detecting tools.
Scientists argue about the reliability of polygraph tests because they observe major inaccuracies in result evaluations. The test results become unclear and inaccurate because nervousness and medical conditions, besides the examinee's beliefs in the examination, might affect the measurement outcomes. The courts across many jurisdictions and throughout India refuse to admit polygraph examinations as standalone proof in criminal proceedings.
The Sheena Bora Murder Case (2015) is a good example of this. During the murder investigation, Indrani Mukerjea underwent polygraph testing. The results of the polygraph test showed deception, yet they did not provide standing evidence for court prosecution. This case highlights the strong criticism directed at polygraph tests because of their proven inability to produce effective results during legal investigations.
The Path Forward
Though these forensic methods are useful techniques to ease investigation, their use needs to be weighed against ethical concerns and individual rights. The provision of informed consent, maintaining high standards of evidence collection and interpretation, and implementing sound legal frameworks are the preliminary steps toward using these forensic techniques responsibly within the justice system.
As forensic science develops further, its practices must be designed to adhere to the ideals of justice, precision, and respect for human rights so that the pursuit of truth is not achieved at the expense of personal freedoms.