Law

New lawyers without a lot of legal education, training, courtroom exposure, or income generally end up doing banal and repetitive work, according to a Careers360 investigation. In fact, first generation lawyers and women are particularly vulnerable as they not only face financial hardships but also have to handle gender discrimination that is deeply rooted in the profession.

From Patiala House Courts, Delhi to the civil courts in Bengaluru, young lawyers disclose that they are essentially given donkey work, drafting pla Rohit Kumar, a junior advocate practising in Gaya, Bihar, said he continues to rely on family support while struggling to meet basic professional expenses such as court robes, rent, and bar association fees. “Seniors often cite lack of contacts or pedigree as reasons for not trusting juniors with cases,” he said.

Legal aid panels, often projected as opportunities for hands-on experience, present a mixed reality. While juniors receive a high volume of cases—ranging from undertrial defence and domestic violence petitions to eviction matters—they are frequently left to handle them independently, without supervision or guidance. Several senior lawyers acknowledged that legal aid work has increasingly become a “file-dumping system,” raising concerns about both junior welfare and the quality of justice delivery.

Women lawyers face additional systemic barriers. Ridha Joshi, a 2021 batch female lawyer practising at Patiala House Courts, recalled that during the preparation of a case brief, hers was taken away and given to male colleagues on the excuse that they had more 'experience'. In Bengaluru, Ananya Mehra revealed that even during hearings, men get informal priority in using the podium which further establishes disparities in visibility, speaking time, and earnings.

Law schools are still teaching theory thus graduates will not be able to sustain in practice without depending on informal apprenticeship which is full of favouritism. The investigation further exposes a mismatch between legal education and judiciary. Law schools continue to stress theory at the expense of practical skills such as live legal reasoning, court behaviour, and oral advocacy.

Young advocates have made public their wish that stipends be compulsory, that there be structured mentorship programmes, that case allocation be made more transparent and that there be anti, gender bias protocols in order to make legal practice at the entry level more professional. If India is to have a fair and equitable justice system, then lawyers at the bottom of the ladder should not be left out of the changes that are taking place.

The Madras High Court has instructed the Bar Council of India (BCI) to decide on requests made by 11 private law colleges in Tamil Nadu, for sanction to increase student intake and the introduction of new courses, within three weeks. A division bench of Justices R. Suresh Kumar and Shamim Ahmed delivered the order while hearing a batch of petitions by the law colleges which sought a direction to the BCI to consider their applications that were pending for the next academic year. However, seven colleges challenged the BCI’s decision to return their applications along with the fees, while two other colleges sought a direction for processing of their applications, as their fees had not been refunded.

During the course of arguments, it was also brought to the court’s notice that the applications of two additional law colleges were pending with the BCI, taking the total number of affected institutions to 11.

The bench observed that there was no legal ban or restriction on the BCI from processing the applications. Therefore, the court ordered the BCI to clear all pending applications within three weeks of receiving a copy of the order.

To ensure the timely processing of their applications, the court also ordered the law colleges whose applications had been returned to submit their applications again within three days.

The order is likely to be a source of relief for private law colleges in Tamil Nadu that have been waiting for regulatory clearance to increase their capacities and diversify their courses. The players involved in legal education contend that the court's ruling may avert an academic crisis and provide a smoother admission process for the next session.

The Delhi High Court, through a judgment on Wednesday, has put an end to the overall ban on the migration of MBBS students under the Graduate Medical Education Regulations, 2023. The court expressed that a total prohibition is a clearly arbitrary act and a violation of fundamental constitutional protections.

Besides, the Court directed the authorities to consider the case of a visually impaired medical student who is willing to relocate from a Rajasthan medical college to Delhi primarily on account of health and disability, related reasons.

A Division Bench consisting of the Chief Justice and Justice Tejas Karia, observed that Regulation 18 of the Graduate Medical Education Regulations, 2023 which enforced a total ban on the migration of undergraduate medical students, isn't a provision that is legally justified.

The Court remarked that a blanket ban on a prohibition would constitute a violation of Article 14 of the Constitution of India even in the cases of exceptional or deserving persons and, therefore, such a ban would violate the rights of persons with disabilities.

In addition, the Bench instructed the National Medical Commission (NMC) to review petitioner's migration application without taking into account the bans on migration and to look at his case in terms of disability rights and the necessity for reasonable accommodation. Petitioner, Sahil Arsh, is a visually impaired person to the extent of 40 per cent. He qualified for the NEET, UG 2023 from the Other Backwards Class, Persons with Disabilities category. Although initially, he was not allowed to participate in the counseling under the PwD category which led him to take the matter to the Supreme Court and later the court ordered the authorities to treat him as a PwD candidate. As a result of the delay in his approval for the counseling session, only the stray vacancy round was left for Sahil and hence he had very fewer options. Eventually, he got admission at Government Medical College, Barmer, Rajasthan. Later, the petitioner requested for a migration to Delhi on the ground that his eye condition worsened due to the harsh climate of Barmer and also because he needed treatment at AIIMS Delhi.

The National Medical Commission (NMC) rejected his plea in December 2024 on the ground that the 2023 Regulations had done away with the migration provision completely.

The High Court observed that while it is certainly a correct aim to keep uniform standards in medical education a completely banning migration ignores the true, real, life situations and, therefore, most unfairly deprives the deserving students.

The Court explicitly stated that the possibility of misuse ought not to be a ground for the denial of lawful rights, particularly when it is feasible to carry out reasonable safeguards.

Besides, the Bench observed that the petitioner was largely at the mercy of the situation due to the counselling authorities' not recognising his PwD status timely which thus denying him the chance of picking the right med college earlier. So, blaming him for choosing a far, off college in such a scenario was unreasonable.

Underlining the fact that the authorities are mandated to take reasonable measures, provide accommodations and ensure equality and non, discrimination, the Court, citing the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, reiterated the same. It decided that excluding a student from admission whose medical condition had deteriorated as a result of exposure to the environment is a denial of such accommodation.

The Court further underscored that regulatory measures may not disregard human dignity or constitutional protections in pursuit of administrative efficiency. 

In a prominent ruling, the Allahabad High Court has opined firmly against the 'disconcerting' pattern of a large number of assistant teachers in Uttar Pradesh getting jobs on the basis of fake and fabricated certificates.

The High Court in a writ of mandamus has commanded the state government to investigate thoroughly in every district of the state.

The order was given by a single judge Justice Manju Rani Chauhan. The order was loaded today on the Court website. The court directed the Principal Secretary, Basic Education, to complete this task, if possible, within six months.

The court also directed that not only should the illegal appointments be cancelled, but the salaries paid to such teachers should also be recovered, and strict action be taken against the officials involved in the collusion.

The court observed that despite several circulars and directions issued by the state government, the officials responsible for maintaining transparency in the education system have failed to take effective and timely action against such illegal appointments.

The court further commented, “The inaction of the authorities not only encourages fraud but also strikes at the very roots of the education system, causing serious harm to the interests of the students, which is the most important and paramount consideration for this Court.”

The court was hearing a writ petition filed by Garima Singh. The petitioner had challenged the order of the BSA (Basic Shiksha Adhikari) Deoria, cancelling her appointment.

The BSA had passed this order against her after it was discovered that she had forged her educational documents and domicile certificate.

Petitioner claimed that she was appointed as an assistant teacher in July 2010, although the petitioner had served for almost 15 years without any complaint.

The UGC’s renewed emphasis on equality and non-discrimination in higher education has drawn pushback not only from sections of the student community but also from parts of the academic fraternity. What was purported to be an attempt to strengthen safeguards against caste-based discrimination on campuses has instead opened up questions around definitions, scope and institutional impact. The unease eventually reached the Supreme Court, which stayed the University Grants Commission’s newly notified equality regulations, flagging concerns around caste-based discrimination – an issue the UGC itself sought to address through the new rules.

Hearing pleas against the University Grants Commission (Promotion of Equity in Higher Education Institutions) Regulations, 2026, the apex court described the framework as prima facie vague with potentially sweeping consequences and said the possibility of misuse could not be ruled out. The court's intervention paved the way for an extensive reassessment of the methods by which discrimination in India's universities can be recognised, treated and prevented. The UGC issued these equity regulations on January 13, 2026, which mainly replaced an antidiscrimination framework that was advisory and first embedded in UGC's 2012 regulations with a binding structure that requires institutional mechanisms such as Equal Opportunity Centres, Equity Committees, helplines and monitoring bodies. The bench led by Chief Justice of India Surya Kant and Justice Joymalya Bagchi brought up four major questions of law on whether the core definitions and provisions of the regulations are reasonable.

The order highlighted ambiguity in how caste-based discrimination is defined, segregation might play out in campus arrangements, lack of procedural safeguards for extremely backward sub-groups, and the omission of ragging – a specific form of harassment recognised in earlier rules – from the current framework.

The legislation that had been in place since 2012, covered a larger range of discriminatory acts, including the clear mention of specific categories like ragging, harassment and victimisation, and also gave a broader definition of discrimination in terms of religion, caste, gender, disability and other grounds. However, the 2026 draft differently delineates the term "caste, based discrimination" to mean only a discrimination against the members of the Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBC) while it also keeps a broad definition for the general discrimination. Critics say this dual system is inconsistent and potentially exclusionary – a point the Supreme Court signalled for closer scrutiny.

Politicians crossed party lines

Across the political spectrum, reactions to the Supreme Court’s stay and the broader controversy have been mixed. Several Opposition parties welcomed the court’s step as correcting a flawed process that lacked adequate stakeholder consultation and had stirred social tensions.

Bahujan Samaj Party chief Mayawati termed the court stay as proper in view of the unrest which the new rules had caused. On the other hand, Congress leaders Pramod Tiwari and Ranjit Ranjan said that the regulations were vaguely defined and a parliamentary panel should look into the issue so that there are no divisions among students.

Kalyan Banerjee of Trinamool Congress raised a point regarding the constitutional validity. On the other hand, the voices of the Opposition were not unanimous: CPI(ML) Liberation stated that caste and racial discrimination are still real issues that students face every day on campuses and that equity safeguards should be there at the least.

Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M K Stalin praised the original regulations, at the same time asking for their extension, saying that they were a very good step towards reforming higher education which is full of discrimination and institutional apathy. He referred to student suicides and harassment of weaker sections as some of the problems. He stressed that equity provisions should not be diluted under pressure and that genuine safeguards remain an unavoidable necessity.

Around the same time, BJP insider reports that the PTI, the party was thinking of trying to reschedule the next step as the matter exposes the party to rift with a part of the student community and political critics.

Ministers of the union however were very positive about the stay and called it a significant step towards the preservation of cultural unity and social harmony. They said that the problems of abuse and the absence of clarity needed to be resolved at the policy level.

How student groups responded

The controversy ignited on-ground protests at leading universities. Student unions and politically affiliated campus groups publicly opposed the stay and demanded that anti, discrimination protections be enacted and even legislated immediately.

At Jawaharlal Nehru University, the JNUSU marched and shouted slogans supporting the 'Rohith Act', referring to the bills based on the unfortunate 2016 death of student Rohith Vemula, who according to many activists, symbolizes the unending caste discrimination.

In various locations of Delhi University, Left, supported factions like the All India Students' Association (AISA) and the Students' Federation of India (SFI) conducted rallies requesting not only the implementation of the regulations be done immediately but also that they be further strengthened to effectively deal with the rising number of complaints of discrimination, the opponents of the regulations even pointed out that the number of such complaints has significantly increased in the recent years.

While many student bodies stated they were dejected with the stay by the Supreme Court, other student factions, including some aligned with the ruling establishment, welcomed the court’s intervention, arguing the rules lacked clarity and could be misused against general category students.

A student or staff member who experiences or witnesses discrimination in a higher education institution may lodge a complaint immediately. According to the UGC Equity Regulations, 2026, the complainant can directly approach the grievance redressal mechanism without waiting for repeated incidents or having formal proof of the complaint.

A complaint can be lodged when:

• A campus or institution, related activity witness discrimination, exclusion, or harassment. Academic evaluation, admission, promotion, hostel allocation, or access to facilities are done in a biased or unfair manner. 
• Derogatory remarks, unequal treatment, or systemic exclusion on the grounds covered by the regulations are experienced. 
• Equity related issue disclosure is followed by retaliation or intimidation. Such a situation is evident which, when seen collectively, represents a pattern of unfair treatment even though the individual incidents taken separately may be of a lesser degree, the UGC has directed institutions to constitute special committees, helplines and monitoring teams.

What will this centre do?

-Receive and handle complaints from students facing discrimination

-Work towards making the institution more inclusive and supportive for students from disadvantaged groups

-Ensure fairness and equal opportunity for all students

What are the provisions of the UGC equity regulations?

-Establish an Equal Opportunity Cell (EOC) to address concerns and safeguard the interests of SC, ST and OBC communities.

-Set up equity committees or monitoring mechanisms, including helplines (with provisions for 24/7 support in some cases) and ensure regular reporting to the UGC.

-Fix legal accountability on heads of institutions to ensure strict compliance with the guidelines.

-Mandate every Higher Education Institution (HEI) to constitute ‘equity squads’, smaller bodies tasked with maintaining vigilance and preventing discrimination on campus.

In case of non-compliance, HEIs may face regulatory action, including suspension of recognition, exclusion from UGC schemes, and other punitive measures.

SC stays implementation of UGC rules

The Supreme Court on Thursday stayed the implementation of UGC regulation pertaining to the definition of caste discrimination and also issued a notice to the Centre, reports news agency PTI. "We want a free, equitable and inclusive atmosphere in educational institutions. Unity of India must be reflected in our educational institutions. We are simply examining it on the threshold of constitutionality and legality," the apex court said while hearing the pleas.

Who are protesting against the new UGC rules?

The new rules notified by the UGC have sparked widespread criticism from general category students who argue that the framework could lead to discrimination against them. The protests are mainly led by a group called the "Savarna Sena" outside the UGC office in Delhi. Their main concern is that there is no clear, separate provision for students from the General or upper-caste categories to report issues they might face. They also fear the new UGC rules might lead to a sudden increase in complaints, which could create division and unrest on campus instead of fostering unity.

Amid protests over the recently notified “equity regulations” for higher education institutes by the University Grants Commission (UGC), Union Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan said Tuesday that no one would be allowed to misuse the provisions and that “discrimination will not be allowed against anybody”.

“… Oppression will not be allowed against anybody… there won’t be discrimination… Nobody will have the right to misuse (the regulations)… The UGC, Union government or state governments… there will be responsibility,” Pradhan told mediapersons.

Any one of them can lodge a complaint, be it a student, employee or applicant. The rules have broadly defined a victim person. You don't have to produce a caste certificate or have political support to register a grievance. Every college should set up an Equal Opportunity Centre (EOC), which is going to be the first point of contact for all grievances and complaints.

Give an institutional formal order announcing the setting up of the EOC.Put EOC Coordinator in charge of the operations and grievance handling.Equity Committee should be constituted to examine and inquire into the complaints.Complaint submission provisions should be made both online and offline.Specify the inquiry time duration and SOPs to ensure that the action taken will be just and within the deadline.Equity Squads can be set up to watch and stop discrimination from happening on the campus.Ombudsperson can be appointed or notified for appeals or cases which are not resolved.There should be regular reporting and compliance with prescribed regulatory authorities.

What happens after the complaint is filed?

• Once a complaint is filed:
• The Equity Committee must convene within 24 hours of receiving the complaint.
• The inquiry must be completed within 15 working days.
• The head of the institution must act on the committee’s report within seven days.
• Confidentiality must be ensured, and institutions are required to protect the identity of complainants throughout the inquiry process.

A student or staff member who experiences or witnesses discrimination in a higher education institution may lodge a complaint immediately. According to the UGC Equity Regulations, 2026, the complainant can directly approach the grievance redressal mechanism without waiting for repeated incidents or having formal proof of the complaint.

A complaint can be lodged when:

A campus or institution, related activity witness discrimination, exclusion, or harassmentAcademic evaluation, admission, promotion, hostel allocation, or access to facilities are done in a biased or unfair mannerDerogatory remarks, unequal treatment, or systemic exclusion on the grounds covered by the regulations are experiencedEquity, related issue disclosure is followed by retaliation or intimidationSuch a situation is evident which, when seen collectively, represents a pattern of unfair treatment even though the individual incidents taken separately may be of a lesser degree.