Milestones of Forensic Science in India: A Tale of Progress and Innovation

Forensic science in India has undergone remarkable transformation, evolving from ancient methods to a sophisticated system supporting justice and investigation. With its roots in the primitive yet effective poison detection techniques detailed in Chanakya Kautilya’s Arthashastra, the field has steadily advanced, embracing modern scientific practices and establishing itself as a cornerstone of the justice system.

The Arthashastra, a seminal ancient treatise on statecraft, economics, and military strategy, documented ingenious methods for poison detection, including the use of birds as testers, claims Journal of Forensic Sciences & Criminal Investigation in an article written by Deepika Bhandari, Institute of Forensic Science, University of Mumbai. Despite this early ingenuity, the systematic development of forensic science in India began under British rule. The first Chemical Examiner’s Laboratory was established in Madras in 1849, followed by laboratories in Calcutta (1853), Agra (1864), and Bombay (1870).

The turn of the 20th century marked the inception of specialized forensic departments. The Anthropometric Bureau in Calcutta (1892), the Fingerprint Bureau in Calcutta (1897), and the Inspectorate of Explosives in Nagpur (1898) laid the groundwork for forensic science’s future. The establishment of the Government Examiner of Questioned Documents in 1904 and the Central Fingerprint Bureau (CFPB) in 1905 further expanded the scope of forensic science.

Post-independence, India’s progress in forensic science accelerated significantly. The establishment of the first state forensic science laboratory in Calcutta in 1952 marked a pivotal moment, enabling regional accessibility to forensic expertise. Today, every Indian state boasts its own forensic laboratory, catering to diverse needs such as forensic medicine, toxicology, anthropology, serology, ballistics, psychology, and even forensic accounting.

India’s commitment to forensic science reflects its dedication to justice and its embrace of innovation. The evolution of forensic methodologies has not only bolstered the criminal justice system but has also enhanced public confidence in the rule of law. Modern forensic practices are increasingly leveraging technologies like DNA analysis, cyber forensics, and artificial intelligence, pushing the boundaries of what is possible in criminal investigation and evidence analysis.

The journey of forensic science in India, from ancient poison detection to cutting-edge laboratories, is a testament to the nation’s enduring quest for truth and justice, underscoring the critical role of science in upholding societal values.